Eldfell after my visit to Eldheimar. The plume from the volcano has spread across the North Sea and dropped untold megatons of microscopic . Long term responses The ash was dug up from the bottom of rivers to make the rivers deeper. (7 marks) For a named area, describe the short-term and long-term effects of a volcanic eruption on people living in the area. For the first couple of weeks, lava oozed from a fissure on its ice-free flank, and . Others chose to stay home because they did not believe the warnings and/or evacuation plan were relevant to them. Currently, concentration charts have only been adopted for operational use in Europe and the North Atlantic region, as outlined in Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan EUR and NAT Regions. For example, there are distinct differences between decision-making and actions undertaken by men and women (Haynes et al., 2016, Haynes et al., 2010) and age plays a significant role, with younger males often taking greater risks than older age groups and women across all age groups (Haynes et al., 2016). Following the collapse of Icelands banking system in October 2008 (Danielsson, 2009), the region has experienced an increase in international migration (growth of 2.54 between 2009 and 2016), as well as that from the capital region (growth of 1.30 between 2011 and 2016), as shown in Fig. And, it stresses the importance of residents considering the changes in their livelihoods and what that may mean with respect to their vulnerability during a volcanic crisis. They are the future who should be taking over (A-E). People used to be everywhere and its still the same, but now there are 30 times, 100 times more [tourists]. Often causes fires. At the same time, however, respondents still viewed a similar level of risk to the community as a whole in terms of adverse impacts. This greater complexity will inevitably create greater challenges for the local police and DCPEM. The structure of the population, however, changed during this period with losses in the 017 year and 3044 year age categories across both genders between 2000 and 2016 (Fig. All interviewees and respondents are graciously thanked for their willingness to participate in this study. The 2016 interviews and the preparation of this paper were supported by the Nordic Centre of Excellence for Resilience and Societal SecurityNORDRESS, which is funded by the Nordic Societal Security Programme. Volcanoes attract millions of visitors around the world every year. As the communities diversify, so too will peoples beliefs, values and activities. Learn. Multiple community meetings were also held with residents living in the expected hazard zone. Haiti earthquake 2010. To ensure this trust is maintained, officials must continually engage and work with the population of South Iceland as the regions demographic, economic and political landscape changes. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Aust J Emerg Manag 29:5055, Bird D, Ling M, Haynes K (2012) Flooding Facebookthe use of social media during the Queensland and Victorian floods. For example, peoples decision to comply with evacuation orders may be influenced by their ability to perform the required action, the availability of information about the threat, trust in the source of that information and feelings of responsibility to undertake the prescribed action (Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Drabek, 1999, Haynes et al., 2008, Mileti et al., 2004, Strahan et al., 2018). The tourism industry, however, is rapidly growing, with the South attracting the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016). (7 marks) Describe what can be done to limit the risk posed by volcanic eruptions to people and property in a named location. In: Lyinskaya E, Larsen G, Gudmundsson MT (eds) Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes. Because of this, officials have faith that residents will comply with evacuation orders when given, as they did during the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Google Scholar, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009a) Public perception of jkulhlaup hazard and risk in Iceland: implications for community education. In addition, the sweeper system was deployed. Overall, respondents ranked impacts on their home as the greatest followed by impacts to them and / or their family emotionally and financially (Table 2). It is much easier for me to have the people in the same areabecause if someone gets heart attack, if someone gets hurt, its very difficult to help them Maybe you have to stay in your isolated farm for many days (O). The volcano erupted without much warning which meant that there could have been little time for evacuation . Nevertheless, as Brint (2001; p. 9) highlights, a sense of security in the face of disliked others is deeply characteristic of communal relations. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The family took the situation as it was, slightly worried about the continuation; not knowing what to expect was the worst. This paper draws on these learnings to consider future response to an evacuation order with respect to a regions recent experience of responding to evacuation orders. These impacts, however, were felt right across the region to lftaver. This range is a reflection of youths and adults being registered to that household while residing in a different location to attend school or university. Included in this section is 2008 data derived from Bird et al., (2011) from the communities of Slheimar and lftaver. That is, we endeavoured to capture perspectives from every permanent household within these communities. Iceland: volcanic eruption prompts European Red Cross response Format News and Press Release Source. (). This evacuation could be listed as disorganised (A-E). A burst of scientific articles has been published, including in special journal issues (Hasager et al, 2010; Langmann et al., 2012). Sociol Theory 19:123, Article 0.0 / 5. Risk Anal 32:616632, Mileti D, Nathe S, Gori P, Greene M, Lemersal E (2004) Public hazards communication and education: the state of the art. I would like to see more emphasis on this, like volcanic activity, geothermal, everything geography in Iceland because were having the tourists now [But] we have our children who are not finding out about those things. Communication and risk mitigation strategies must also be tailored to meet the changing populations needs. Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. Given the immediate need for evacuation, particularly for a catastrophic Katla eruption, these perspectives provide a critical viewpoint of how and why people behave the way they do when faced with a volcanic crisis. Some questions regarding Katla were retained because the Katla hazard zones cover the same communities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Our analysis therefore focused on those municipalities surrounding the Eyjafjallajkull and Katla volcanoes: Mrdalshreppur (which includes Slheimar), Skaftrhreppur (which includes lftaver) and Rangring eystra (which includes Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll). It was very good (O). Risk Anal 20:112, Sorensen JH, Sorensen BV (2007) Community processes: warning and evacuation. You should also know and understand the immediate and long term responses and how volcanic eruptions are monitored. They banded together with neighbours and friends to help each other through the tough times but they also had great concerns for their livestock. further research into the effect on the ash on aircraft . 1 / 9. However, some people viewed their homes as the safest option. On 20th March 2010, Eyjafjallajkull burst into life after nearly 190 years of inactivity. Int J Manag Decis Mak 10:164175, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009b) Resident perception of volcanic hazards and evacuation procedures. Slheimar lies within the southern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption they were impacted by considerable ash fall and loud sound blasts. Incandescent spatter erupted along a crack in the earth, scorching the soil as small lava fountains illuminated the dark landscape. We taped the windows and the doorsby 12:0014:00 it was completely dark, we could not see anything. Never in my whole life have I been in such darkness. With the rapidly increasing number of tourists in the region, the police/DCPEM may need to consider further non-compliance, particularly among tour operators and tourist accommodation managers/staff due to their duty of care to their patrons. In: Taylor A, Carson D, Ensign P, Huskey L, Rasmussen R (eds) Settlements at the edge: remote human settlements in developed nations. The results section is presented under the three subsections: 2010 Eyjafjallajkull survey, 2016 interviews and the changing demographics of South Iceland. J Hazard Mater 75:181194, Article The animals aren't as effected because the lava flow is slow enough everyone should be able to get away in time. From crops to houses!! The eruption was relatively small but its impact was massive. Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents perception of the levels of preparedness for a Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5456). Springer, New York, MATH A volcanic eruption is an awesome display of Earth's power. Population data sourced from slfur Gylfi Plmason, the head of the Rangring eystra municipality, and Statistics Iceland (2016). On 8 June, 1783, the young country of Iceland - inhabited for less than 1,000 years - had a population of 50,000. It is almost impossible to know exactly how many people are located in a given area at any point in time. One of the semi-structured interviews revealed that while the respondent marked on the questionnaire that they had evacuated, in reality, they had not. Aust J Emerg Manag 27:2733, Bird D, Mcleman R, Gsladttir G, Kelman I, Nss MW, Ptursdttir G, Jhannesdttir G (2016) Climate change and settlement level impacts. A one-size-fits-all approach among diverse populations is unlikely to generate a proactive public response to future evacuation orders (Mileti et al., 2004, Paveglio et al., 2017, Tierney et al., 2001). Icelandic Meteorlogical Office, Reykjavk, Sjberg L (2000) Factors in risk perception. In some instances, the sweepers provide the only link between emergency management officials and the community (Bird et al., 2009b), further bolstering the work of the rescue teams at the local level. There is an old Icelandic saying: You couldnt see/distinguish your hands. I now understand this. J Geodyn 43:118152, orkelsson B (2012) The 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption, Iceland. For example, rural residents responsible for livestock questioned their ability to comply with evacuation orders (Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011). As a consequence, several evacuation orders were issued during the 2010 events via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. Aggregated migration data is presented for South Iceland from 19862016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). This paper considers how residents might respond to future evacuation orders by examining the results of that survey against the changing demographic, economic and political structure of South Iceland. The questionnaire developed for this survey was modelled on those implemented in a longitudinal study on knowledge and perceptions related to a possible Katla eruption (see Bird et al., 2009a, Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011, Jhannesdttir and Gsladttir, 2010). This includes work in hotels, restaurants and gift shops. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Paton D, Johnston DM, Bebbington MS, Lai C-D, Houghton BF (2001) Direct and vicarious experience of volcanic hazards: implications for risk perception and adjustment adoption. -Icelandic red cross- 60 volunteers provided food for the farming population. In: Felton A, Reinhart CM (eds) The First Global Financial Crisis of the 21st Century: Part ll June-December 2008. This unrealistic optimistic bias, where people consider themselves less vulnerable than others in their community (Paton et al. The survey implemented in 2010 incorporated 15 semi-structured interviews with officials, rescue team members and residents alongside a questionnaire disseminated to households living within the hazard zones of the Eyjafjallajkull and Katla volcanoes (see Fig. Exactly ten years ago, on the 15th of April 2010, the volcanic eruption of Eyjafjallajkull in Iceland had caused European airspace to come to a standstill. I was concerned about the horses I found it terrifying and I feared that the ash would [continue to increase in quantity] (). The last eruption from E15 was in 1821 and so the volume of ash produced was expected. The long-term impact proved to be just as catastrophic, as the community never recovered from the lahars that engulfed it. Conducted as a more open interview than the rigorous 2010 interviews, the 2016 interviews lasted between 17 and 57min. Survey data are not available for distribution as per anonymity protocols of the Human Research Ethics agreement. This resulted in massive impacts on air travel worldwide. . The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to human research ethics agreements but may be made available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. They are just visiting the country; they think its a plus if they can find some volcanoes and maybe have their picture of it. We would be much, much more afraid if somebody told us about the possibility of a huge earthquake in the ocean with the coast with a wave [tsunami]. With respect to the latter, we draw similar data (i.e., from Bird et al., 2011) obtained prior to the eruptions to compare against post-event perceptions. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Brint S (2001) Gemeinschaft revisited: a critique and reconstruction of the community concept. Available: http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px. Accessed 29 Nov 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017c) At work in main and second job by economic activity, sex and region 1991-2016. The town was inundated completely, and no attempt has been made to restore or rebuild it ("Nevado del Ruiz Volcano," 2010). Temperatures dropped by 0.5C. It is a small community. The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll received came from DCPEM/police (38% A-E; 43% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (31% A-E; 14% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 14% V-E)Footnote 1. The relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland, with a tradition of integrated research, policy and practice and, as well as its peoples strong desire to cooperate have been attributed as factors influencing the success of community-based health interventions (Sigfsdttir et al., 2009). It has been relatively quiet since 2010 2010).An interaction between ash and magma led to large volumes of finely comminuted . Furthermore, South Icelands Hekla, Katla, Grmsvtn and Brarbunga volcanoes (Fig. Fissure eruptions are common and are frequently observed by NASA. Within these local communities (geographic location), people are bound together by relations of affect, loyalty and common values and as such, they have a certain familiarity with each other (Brint, 2001). Part of the Advances in Volcanology book series (VOLCAN) Abstract Eyjafjallajkull became Iceland's most infamous volcano in 2010 when the ash cloud from its summit eruption caused unprecedented disruption to the international aviation industry and considerable challenges to local farming communities and villages. The eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland on 20 March 2010 affected the economic, political and cultural activities in Europe and across the world. Bull Volcanol 70:605621, Haynes K, Coates L, Oliveira FDD, Gissing A, Bird D, Honert RVD, Radford D, Darcy R, Smith C (2016) An analysis of human fatalities from floods in Australia 1900-2015. Only two respondents noted living at that address for less than 5 years. 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